Antimicrobial Activity of Acanthus ilicifolius (L.)

The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic, butanolic and chloroform extracts of leaves and roots of the plant Acanthus ilicifolius ware studied. Ampicillin and clotrimazole were used as standard antibacterial and antifungal agents respectively. The result of the study revealed that the alcoholic extract and chloroform extract of leaves exhibited strong inhibitory action against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger and moderate inhibitory action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. The rest of the extracts showed moderate activity.

hopper angle in each and every category of granules. From Table 3, it is observed that the percentage deviation is within ±10%.
The flowability of granular materials is a major consideration in pharmaceutical operations/ preparations. High degree of ß owability exposes many advantages leading to uniform characterization of the Þ nished products, minimum wear and tear of machine parts and elimination of ß ows like capping, splitting etc. Therefore this kind of mathematical correlation having small deviation from experimental data within ±10% would be useful in predicting the flow rate of granules. The desired ß ow rate may be Þ xed by controlling the variables used in the correlation.
Acanthus ilicifolius is a spiny herb found in mangrove of southern Thailand. In folklore and traditional practice, different parts of A. ilicifolius (Acanthaceae) have been used to treat rheumatism, asthma, paralysis, psoriasis and leucorrhoea 1 . Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, leishmanicidal, tumour reducing and anticancer activities of various extracts of A. ilicifolius have been reported [2][3][4] . These created an interest to test the possible antimicrobial activity of different parts of this plant, which has not been reported; hence, the present study was designed. The phytochemical literature reveals the presence of 2-benzoxazolinone, lignan glucosides, benzoxazinoide glucosides, flavone glycosides and phenylethanoid glycosides in this plant [5][6][7][8] . The present study was aimed at the preliminary investigation of antibacterial and antifungal activity of alcoholic, butanolic and chloroform extracts of leaves and roots of A. ilicifolius.
Leaves and roots of A. ilicifolius were collected from Netravati river valley of Mangalore in the month of October. The plant was authenticated in the Department of Botany, Netaji Mahavidyalaya, District Hoogly, West Bengal. The collected plant materials were shade dried at room temperature and mechanically reduced separately to course powders. The powders of leaves and roots (100 g each) were then extracted individually with 95% alcohol, butanol and chloroform in a Soxhlet apparatus by continuous heat extraction for 78 h. The extracts so obtained were concentrated to dryness by evaporating the solvents under reduced pressure.
The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal studies of the ethanolic, butanolic and chloroform extracts of the leaves and roots were carried out by the Agar cup-plate method 9 . All the extracts were separately dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to get 10 mg/ml solutions. Ampicillin (1 mg/ml) and clotrimazole (1 mg/ml) were used as standard antibacterial and antifungal agents respectively. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by employing 24 h cultures of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris using Muller Hinton Agar medium. Antifungal activity was carried out against 24 h cultures of Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger using Sabouraud dextrose agar medium. The bacterial and fungal strains employed in the study were obtained from NCIM, Pune. Accurately 0.2 ml of the test and standard solutions were transferred to cups aseptically and labeled accordingly. The microorganism inoculated plates were then maintained at room temperature for 2 h to allow the diffusion of the solutions into the medium. The petri dishes used for antibacterial screening were incubated at 37±1° for 24 h, while those used for antifungal activity were incubated at 28±1° for 48 h. The diameters of zone of inhibition surrounding each of the wells were recorded.  a is ampicillin and b is clotrimazole. Each zone of inhibition is an average of three independent determinations and the solvent (DMSO) did not show any inhibition.