Triterpenoids from Psidium guajava with Biocidal Activity

In continuation of our studies on the phytochemical investigation of medicinal plants available in the foothills of Darjeeling and Teri, we report herein the isolation of two triterpenoids betulinic acid and lupeol from the leaf extract of Psidium guajava and their potential antimicrobial and phytotoxic activities. All the structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by spectral (IR, NMR) analysis and by comparison with the literature reports.

The Himalayan region of Darjeeling and Terai are rich in bio diversity with plants having pronounced medicinal activities as evidenced by recent literature reports [1][2][3] as well as by the tribal medicinal practice in this region. Plants of the family Myrtaceae are extensively used in indigenous medicine from prehistoric ages. Psidium guajava is an important representative of this family. Present day reports about P. guajava are attracting because of their highly encouraging biological activities [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . Different parts of these plants are used in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various human ailments such as ulcers, bronchitis, eye sores, bowels, diarrhoes and cholera [3][4][5][6] . It is reported in the literature that the leaf extract of P. guajava has antitussive, antibacterial, hemostatic, antioxidant and narcotic properties [7][8][9][10] . Recently Abreu et al, have reported that guava extract can alter the labelling of blood with technetium-99m [11] .
In view of the attributed medicinal properties and in an ongoing search for bioactive triterpenoids from plants of Myrtaceae available in Darjeeling foothills, the toluene extract of leaves of P. guajava was selected for further investigation. The leaf extract of P. guajava was found to contain two new triterpenoids (1 and 2) along with earlier reported guajanoic acid (3) [6] , -sitosterol (4), uvaol (5), ursolic acid (6) and oleanolic acid (7)( fig. 1). Compounds 1 and 2 have been characterized as betulinic acid and lupeol respectively. This is the first report of the isolation of these two triterpenoids from the leaf extract of P. guajava available plenty in the foothills of Darjeeling. In addition to that preliminary studies towards the antimicrobial and phytotoxic activities of these two compounds, which have not yet reported so far from this source, have also been carried out against some fungal and bacterial pathogens.
All the melting points were determined by open capillary method and are uncorrected. The NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl 3 solutions at ambient temperature on a Bruker Avance 300 MHz-FT NMR spectrometer using 5 mm BBO probe. The chemical shift  are given in ppm related to tetra methyl silane (TMS) as internal standard. The coupling constant (J) are reported in Hz. The IR spectra were recorded in Shimadzu FT-IR spectrophotometer in KBr discs.
Fresh leaves of P. guajava were collected in bulk from young mature plants at the Sukna belt of Darjeeling foothills during early summer, washed, shade dried and milled into coarse powder by a mechanical grinder. The prepared powdered leaves were then used for further studies. The powdered plant material was extracted with toluene using Soxhlet apparatus for 72 h. The solvents were then removed under reduced pressure and a sticky brown residue was obtained. This residue was then purifi ed by column chromatography using silica gel (60-120) mesh and suitable proportions of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate were used as the eluent.
In this present work the in vitro antifungal antibacterial activities and the phytotoxicity of the two isolated triterpenoids have been studied. Five different fungal pathogens namely, Calletotricheme camellie, Fussarium equisitae, Alterneria alternate, Curvularia eragrostidies, Colletrichum Gleosproides were used for the antifungal study. For antibacterial study Escherichia Coli, Bacillus Subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobactor were used as bacterial pathogen. Suitable strains of these organisms were procured from the microbiology laboratory of our institute. MICs (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the triterpenoids against bacterial and fungal pathogens are reported in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) was used as solvent to prepare different concentrations of the triterpenoids. Solvent control (DMSO) was also maintained throughout the experiment. All experiments were performed in petridishes and were incubated at 37 o for 48 h.   The bacterial growth was confirmed by a change of yellow to purple colour. Bacterial nutrient media was prepared by using agar, beef extract and bacto peptone in distilled water and the pH of the solution (6.8-7.0) was adjusted. Culture media for fungal strains were prepared by mixing in suitable proportions of potato extract, dextrose and agar powder. All glass apparatus, culture media were autoclaved before use. The whole process was carried out in inoculation chamber. Additionally slide germination method was also used for determination of antifungal activity [12] ( Table 3). The antifungal activities between these compounds and streptomycin and antibacterial activity with ampicillin, a -lactam antibiotic were compared.
For studying the inhibitory effect [12] of the two triterpenoids against test fungal pathogens following slide germination method, the spores of the pathogens were allowed to germinate in presence of the prepared and the 50% ethanol extracts. Compound solution was placed on the centre of the grease free microscope slide. In control the corresponding solvent, either sterile distilled water or 50% ethanol was placed. Thirty microlitre spore suspension prepared from ten days culture of the fungal pathogens were added to the spots in both experimental and control slides. In case of 50% ethanol extract, spore suspension was added after ethanol was evaporated. Three experimental slides were taken for each compound. The slides were then incubated at 28 o in a humid chamber. Two small glass rods (60 mm in length) were placed in a 90 mm Petri dish and a slide was placed on the rods in a uniformly balanced position. Then the Petri dish was filled with sterile distilled water so that the bottom of the slide remained just above the water surface. The petridish was then covered and incubated at 28 o . Following 48 h of incubation, the slides were stained with lacto phenol-cotton blue mixture and observed in each slide for germination. Numbers of aspersoria formed were also observed and lengths of 50 germ tubes were measured. The entire experiment was repeated thrice.
Seeds of rice (Oriza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestirium), and pea (Pisum sativum) were collected from local market. The assay seeds were shorted for uniformity of size and all damaged seeds were discarded. Before the bioassay seeds were washed with tap water and the surface were sterilized using NaCl (10% v/v) for 10 min followed by several washes in sterile distilled water. For testing phytotoxicity dehydrated ethanol was used as control. Bioassays were carried out using petridishes (90 mm diameter) containing a sheet of Whatman 1 filter paper as support. Test solutions (5 ml) was added to the fi lter paper in the petridish and dried completely in vacuo at 40 o . Five seeds from each category were placed on the fi lter paper and incubated for 7 days at 25 o in the dark. The effects of the pure compounds were determined by measuring the elongation of roots and averaged for each concentration.
Lupeol (2) [15,16] of lupeol (2). The structural assignment of (2) was further substantiated by its 13  ) and a secondary hydroxyl bearing carbon at  C 78.9 (C-3) in addition to ten methylene, fi ve methine and fi ve quaternary carbons. Shielding of C-23 methyl of (2) could be due to the infl uence of the adjacent C-3 hydroxyl group. These data were in close agreement with those reported for lupeol (2) [14][15][16] .
Although the natural products (1 and 2) do not show any signifi cant phytotoxicity when tested on a number of specimens (Table 4) within the concentration limit studied, both of them (1 and 2) were found active against all the tested bacterial and fungal specimens.
Compound (1) showed better antifungal as well as antibacterial activity in comparison to compound (2) ( Table 1 and 2). However, both of them showed better activities against gram positive bacteria. Comparison amongst the gram negative bacteria revealed that compound 2 is more active. Both the observations are in accordance with the structure activity relationship as reported elsewhere [17][18][19][20] . Therefore, the out come of the investigation not only would enrich the understanding of structure and their biological activities among the lupane type of triterpenoid groups of natural products, but at the same time would provide a scientifi c base to the folk medicine culture in the tribal area. Seeds of rice (Oriza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestirium), and pea (Pisum sativum) were collected from local market and used after washing.