Evaluation of Antiseizure Activity of Essential Oil from Roots of Angelica archangelica Linn . in Mice

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 371 May June 2010 superoxide production degranulation and translocation of cytochrome b-245. Gut 1992;33:617-21. 11. Dharmani P, Chauhan Singh V, Palit G. Cyclo oxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in experimental chronic gastric ulcer healing. Eur J Pharmacol 2005;519:277-84. 12. Natale G, Lazzeri G, Lubrano V, Colucci R, Vassalle C, Fornai M, et al. Mechanisms of gastroprotection by lansoprazole pretreatment against experimentally induced injury in rats role of mucosal oxidative damage and sulfhydryl compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004;195:62-72. 13. John H. The proton pump inhibitors: Similarities and differences. Clin Ther 2000;22:266-80. 14. Shay M, Komarov SA, Fels D, Meranze D, Gruenstein H.A simple method for the uniform production of gastric ulceration in the rat. Gastroenterology 1945;5:43-61. 15. Parmar NS, Hsnnings G, Gulati OP. The gastric antisecretory activity of 3-methoxy-5,7,3’,4’ tetrahydroxy fl avan (ME)-a specifi c histidine decarboxylase inhibitor in rats. Agents Actions 1984;15:143-5. 16. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265. 17. Anson ML. Estimation of pepsin, trypsin, papain and cathepsin with hemoglobin. J Gen Physiol 1938;22:79-89. 18. Come SJ, Morrisey SM, Woods KJ. A method for the quantitative estimation of gastric barrier mucus. J Physiol 1974;2452:116-7. 19. Ganguly AK. A method for quantitative assement of experimentally produced ulcers in stomach of rats. Experientia 1969;25:1124. 20. Rastogi L, Patnaik GK, Dikshit M. Free radicals and antioxidant status following pylorus ligation induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Pharmacol Res 1998;38:2125-132. 21. Manjari V, Das UN. Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on dexamethasone induced gastric mucosal damage. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000;2:85-96. 22. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ. Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology. 6th ed. New Delhi: Elsevier; 2003. p. 367-72. 23. Puscas I, Coltau M, Baican M, Domuta G. Omeprazole has dual mechanism of action. It inhibits both H+K+ ATPase and gastric mucosa carbonic anhydrase enzyme in humans (in vitro and in vivo experiments). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;290:530-4. 24. Blandizzi C, Natale G, Gherardi G, Lazzeri G, Marveggio MC, Colucci R, Carignani D, et al. Acid-independant gastroproptective effects of lansoprazole in experimental mucosal injury. Dig Dis Sci 1999;24:2039-50. 25. Skoczylas T, Sarosiek I, Sostarich S, McElhinney C, Durham S, Sarosiek J. Significant enhancement of gastric mucin content after rabeprazole administration: its potential clinical signifi cance in acidrelated disorders. Dig Dis Sci 2003;48:322-8. 26. Clamp JR, Roth J, Lucocq JM, Berger EC, Pantson JC, Watkins WM. Chemical aspects of mucus. Br Med Bull 1978;34:25-41.

In view of these evidences, it is possible that AAO can exhibit seizure protective effect.The present study was, therefore, undertaken to evaluate the effect of AAO on experimentally induced seizures.Moreover, it was also assessed whether, at the anticonvulsant doses, AAO causes motor impairment.
The essential oil of root of A. archangelica (AAO) was obtained from Rakesh Industries, Kanpur, India.Phenytoin sodium was procured as gift sample from Anglo-French Drugs and Industries, Bengaluru while diazepam was procured from local pharmacy (Calmpose).Pentylenetetrazol was purchased from Sigma chemicals, USA.For administration purpose, AAO was diluted with arachis oil to obtain the desired doses.The other drugs were prepared freshly by dissolving in normal saline.All the drugs and AAO were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.).
Albino Swiss mice (20-30 g) of either sex (procured from Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India) maintained in Central Animal Facility of the Institute were used throughout the study.The animals were maintained at constant room temperature (22±2°) and 12-h light/12-h dark cycle with food and water ad libitum.The experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee constituted for the control and supervision on experiments on animals.
The authenticity of the AAO was assessed by determining its physicochemical characteristics viz.refractive index, specific gravity, acid value and boiling point by standard conventional methods.
Acute toxicity study was performed in mice according to Staircase method.The dose was increased from 500 mg/kg to 2000 mg/kg through i.p. route (5 animals per dose).The mice were observed individually after dosing at least once during the fi rst 30 min periodically during the fi rst 24 h, with special attention given during the fi rst 4h.
In Maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizures, [17] an electroconvulsive shock (50 mA for 0.2 sec) was delivered through corneal-electrode to induce hind limb tonic extensor phase (HLTE) in mice.Prior to delivery, the current output was checked by Multimeter.The current was delivered to 6 groups of mice (n=6) 30 min after i.p. administration of arachis oil (10 ml/kg) or AAO (50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg) or phenytoin sodium (25 mg/kg).After the electric shock, the occurrence and duration of HLTE and incidence of mortality were noted.The animals that did not exhibit HLTE and death were considered protected.
The rota-rod test [18] was used to determine the effect of AAO on motor incordination.Mice were placed on horizontal metal-coated rod (2.5 cm diameter) rotating at speed of 22 rpm.The time, each mouse was able to maintain its balance walking on top of the rod, was measured and cut off time was kept 300 sec.Before the beginning of all experiments, the riding ability of the animals on rota-rod was checked.Thus, the mice were initially put on a rotating rod, and mice that immediately dropped off (within 60 sec.) were excluded from the experiment.The test was conducted on 7 groups (n = 6) of previously screened mice, 30 min after the injection of arachis oil (10 ml/kg) or AAO (50, 100, 200, 400, 500 mg/kg) or diazepam (4 mg/kg).
The traction test [19] was also used to determine the effect of AAO on motor incordination.Forepaws of a mouse were placed on a 15 cm long twisted wire rigidly supported and 20 cm above the table top.Normal mice grasped the wire with forepaws and when allowed to hang free, placed at least one hind foot on the wire within 5 sec.Inability to put up at lest one hind foot was considered failure to the traction.The test was conducted on 7 groups (n = 6) previously screened mice, 30 min after the injection of arachis oil (10 ml/kg) or AAO (50, 100, 200, 400, 500 mg/kg) or diazepam (4 mg/kg).
The data from MES and PTZ test were analyzed by Chi Square test for the assessment of protection of convulsion.The ED 50 and TD 50 values were calculated by Litchfi eld and Wilcoxan method.The data from traction test were analyzed by Chi Square test while the data from rota rod test were analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett multiple comparisons test.A difference of p<0.05 was considered signifi cant in all cases.
The toxicity studies revealed that maximum tolerable dose for AAO was more than 2000 mg/kg.No signs of toxicity or moribund state were found at all the dose of AAO tested.Therefore, the approximate LD 50 is more than 2000 mg/kg.The Chi-square analysis indicated that AAO treatment exhibited significant antiseizure activity [(df= 24.79, 5), p<0.05] (Table 1) against MESinduced seizure with an ED 50 of 373.53 mg/kg.The AAO also prevented clonic seizures induced by PTZ (p<0.05,df= 29.36, 6, Table 2) with an ED 50 value 214.62 mg/kg for the AAO.Phenytoin and diazepam (positive controls) produced 100% protection against seizures induced by MES and PTZ.
In traction test, the Chi-square analysis indicated that, the AAO exhibited significant (p<0.05,df= 25.33, 6) sedation and motor impairment.AAO demonstrated dose related decrease in the time of holding compared to vehicle.AAO 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg showed 20, 20 and 80% failure respectively and AAO 500 mg/kg indicated 100% failure to put at least one hind limb on wire Thus, the TD 50 of AAO in traction test was found to be 277.27mg/kg.In rota-rod test, one-way ANOVA showed that AAO has significant influence on the motor function (p<0.05).Dunnett's multiple comparisons indicated AAO showed a signifi cant decline (p<0.05) in the motor function maximum at the doses which produced antiseizure effect (fi g. 1).The MES test is used primarily as an indication for compounds which are effective in grand mal epilepsy while the PTZ test represents a valid model for human generalized myoclonic and also absence seizures [20] .The present study revealed that the essential oil of the root of Angelica archangelica attenuated both MES-induced tonic and PTZ-induced clonic seizures indicating that AAO possesses antiseizure activity.These findings corroborate well with a recent study that demonstrated the anticonvulsant effect of imperatorin (a furanocoumarin isolated from fruits of Angelica archangelica) in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure threshold model [21] and support the antiseizure activity Angelica archangelica.However, it is not clear that how does AAO exhibit antiseizure activity.
As mentioned earlier, AAO contains more than 60% monoterpenes [11] and monoterpenes have been found to show protective effects against PTZ, picrotoxinand NMDA-induced convulsions [12,13] .Modulations of glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission are mechanisms indicated for anticonvulsant action of the monoterpenes [13,22,23] .Therefore, it is possible that the antiseizure effect of AAO can be due to the presence of monoterpenes present in AAO and subsequent modulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission.
α-pinene is one of the major constituent of AAO [11] .It is reported that some analogs of pinene prevent the audiogenic seizures in susceptible rats [15] which further strengthens the anti-seizure potential of AAO and it may be related to terpenoids present in the oil.The investigations further revealed that AAO produced motor impairment at antiseizure doses.Some terpenes such as eugenol and anethol have anesthetic, sedative and muscle relaxant effects [24,25] .The terpenes present in the essential oil may be responsible for the observed motor impairment subsequent to CNS depression.Thus, the present investigations conclude that AAO exhibits significant antiseizure activity against chemically and electrically induced seizures in mice and the same can be attributed to terpenes especially monoterpenes present in the Angelica essential oil.

Fig 1 :
Fig 1: Effect of AAO on rota rod test Separate groups of mice were injected with vehicle (10 ml/kg, i.p.) or diazepam (4 mg/kg, i.p.) or increasing doses of AAO (50-500 mg/kg, i.p.), and 30 min thereafter motor incordination was tested on rota rod.Each bar represents mean±SEM of data from 5-6 mice.*p<0.05 vs. respective vehicle control and Diazepam control (one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Dunnett test).

TABLE 1 : EFFECT OF AAO ON MAXIMAL ELECTROSHOCK INDUCED SEIZURES IN MICE
*p<0.05 compared to vehicle control (Chi-square test).Separate groups of mice were injected with vehicle (10 ml/kg, i.p.) or phenytoin sodium (25 mg/kg, i.p.) or increasing doses of AAO (50-400 mg/kg, i.p.), and 30 min thereafter the current was delivered to each mouse.Immediately after electrical stimulation individual mouse was tested for the occurrence and duration of HLTE and incidence of mortality.Each value represents mean±SEM of data from 5-6 mice.*p<0.05 vs. respective vehicle control (Chi-square test).

TABLE 2 : EFFECT OF AAO ON PENTYLENETETRAZOL INDUCED SEIZURES IN MICE
Separate groups of mice were injected with vehicle (10 ml/kg, i.p.) or diazepam (4 mg/kg, i.p.) or increasing doses of AAO (50-500 mg/kg, i.p.), and 30 min thereafter PTZ was administered individual mouse.Immediately, the mice were observed for onset and duration of general clonus and mortality.Each value represents mean±SEM of data from 5-6 mice.*p<0.05 vs. respective vehicle control (Chi-square test).