Bioefficacy of Lantana camara L. against Some Human Pathogens

Antimicrobial efficacy of flavonoids (free and bound) and crude alkaloids of Lantana camara L. was determined by disc diffusion assay against three bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes). Minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration and total activity were also studied. Most susceptible microorganism in the present study was C. albicans followed by P. mirabilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and T. mentagrophytes. The range of minimum inhibitory concentration of tested extracts was 0.039-0.625 mg/ml while minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration ranged from 0.078-1.25 mg/ml. Six extracts out of eleven tested showed same values of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration, while rest showed higher values of minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration. Highest total activity (120.51 ml/g) was observed for bound flavonoids of root against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Results of the present investigation indicate that Lantana camara has good antimicrobial activity with low range of minimum inhibitory concentration hence can be exploited for future plant based antimicrobial drugs.

1.5 mg) were weighed and emptied on a butter paper. Amount of the powder equivalent to 1.5 mg of rivastigmine was taken, dissolved in the selected medium and filtered. The solution was diluted suitably to prepare a concentration of 1.5 µg/ ml of drug. This primary stock solution was fi ltered through Whatman ® filter paper and the filtrate was further diluted to prepare a solution of 150 ng/ ml of rivastigmine. The RFI value of the solution, thus prepared, was observed to estimate the total rivastigmine content in the formulation. The assay values of three samples of Rivamer ® capsules ranged between 98.23 and 101.76%. Assay values (1.47-1.52 mg) of formulations were found to be quite close to the label claim of 1.5 mg. This corroborated that the interference of excipient matrix is insignifi cant in the estimation of rivastigmine by the proposed method. The whole process of assay involved the expenditure of minimal time (sparing a few min) and money. In contrast, HPLC procedures for the routine drug analysis require a great deal of developmental effort and expenditure in terms of solvents, columns, guard columns, productive and non-productive time etc. Hence, the spectrofluorimetric method vouches its undisputed effi cacy, both in terms of time and cost.
In a nutshell, the proposed method was found to be sensitive, simple, rapid, accurate, precise and inexpensive for routine analysis of rivastigmine in bulk, pharmaceutical formulations and during dissolution studies of oral formulations. The sample recoveries in all the investigated formulations were in good agreement with their respective label claims, indicating non-interference of excipients during the spectrofl uorimetric estimation of drug.
Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is a perennial shrub, brought to India some 80 years ago from South America, which has become exotic and spread to different regions of the country. All the parts of this plant are traditionally used for several ailments. Leaves of the plant are antiseptic, antitumoural, and antimicrobial [1] whereas, roots are used in the treatment of malaria, rheumatism, and skin rashes [2] . Selected microorganisms are responsible for several ailments in human beings viz. E. coli and P. mirabilis are known to cause diarrhoea, urinary tract infections and sepsis, while major cause of nosocomial, suppurative infections and food poisoning is S. aureus. Similarly, candidiasis is caused by C. albicans and T. mentagrophytes is known to cause dermatophytosis.
Drug resistance developing in pathogenic microorganisms against commonly used antibiotics has necessitated a search for new antimicrobial compounds from biological sources (plants). In the present study efforts have been made to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of flavonoids and crude alkaloid extracts of L. camara against five human pathogens.
Different parts (flower, leaf, stem, and root) of L. camara were collected from Jaipur, (India) and was identified at the Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan and sample specimen No. RUBL 20354 was submitted in the herbarium of Botany Department, University of Rajasthan. Plant parts were separately shade dried and fi nely powdered using a blender.
Flavonoids were extracted from root, stem, leaf and fl ower of L. camara following the well established method of Subramanian and Nagarjan [3] . Hundred grams of each fi nely powdered sample was Soxhlet extracted with 80% hot methanol (500 ml) on a water bath for 24 h and fi ltered. Filtrate was re-extracted successively with petroleum ether, ethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. Petroleum ether fractions were discarded as being rich in fatty substances. Ether and ethyl acetate fractions containing free and bound Flavonoids respectively were dried in vaccuo.
Finely powdered sample (100 g) of plant parts (root, stem and leaf) were extracted with 10% acetic acid in ethanol (fi nal volume 500 ml) for 4 h. Extracts were then concentrated to ¼ of the original volume and NH 4 OH was added drop wise. Precipitate collected after centrifugation, washed with NH 4 OH and dried in vaccuo [4] .
Disc Diffusion assay was carried out for determination of antimicrobial activity of the extracts [5] . Filter paper discs of extracts and standard drug (1 mg) were prepared and screened against selected pathogens. Each extract was assayed in triplicate. Antimicrobial effi cacy of the extracts was evaluated by inhibition zone diameter and activity index. Microbroth dilution method [6] with slight modifi cations was followed for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Plant extracts were resuspended in acetone (which has no activity against selected pathogens) to make stock solutions of 5 mg/ml concentrations which were then two fold serially diluted in 96-well microtitre plates. Bacterial and fungal suspensions were used as negative control, while broth containing extracts were used as positive control. Experiments were carried out in duplicates and each time two sets were prepared, one was kept for incubation while other set was kept at 4 0 for comparing the turbidity in the wells of microtitre plate.
MIC values were taken as the lowest concentration of the extracts in the wells of microplate that showed no turbidity after incubation. The turbidity in the wells of microplate indicated visible growth of microorganisms. The minimum bactericidal/ fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) evaluated by subculturing 50 µl solution from each well showing no turbidity i.e. no growth of microorganisms. Least concentration of extract showing no visible growth on subculture was taken as MBC/MFC. Total activity is the volume at which test extract can be diluted with the ability to kill microorganisms. The total activity in ml/g was calculated by dividing the MIC value with the quantity extracted from 1 g of plant material [7] .
Antimicrobial potency of fl avonoids (free and bound) and crude alkaloids of L. camara was assessed by inhibition zone, activity index (Table 1), minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal/ fungicidal concentration ( Table 2). Quantity of extracts per gram of plant material was also calculated ( Table 3). In the present investigation total 11 extracts were tested, among which 9 extracts showed antimicrobial activity. Three extracts were found inactive against all the test pathogens at chosen concentration range. All selected fi ve pathogens were inhibited by bound fl avonoids of leaves. Most of the extracts showed bioactivity against more than two microorganisms tested. Bound fl avonoids were found to be more potent than free fl avonoids of the selected plant.     (Table 3).
Medicinal plants could be a good alternative source of costly antibiotics (against which microbes are  In the current investigation L. camara showed its antimicrobial potential against test pathogens, which are being involved in a number of human diseases. Lantana camara has previously been studied for antibacterial and antifungal activities, but still the literature available is meager. Antibacterial activity of L. camara has been demonstrated against phytopathogenic Xanthomonas campestris [8] . Crude extract of L. camara root has been found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Cladosporium sphaerosperum [9] . Petroleum ether extract and essential oil of the plant has been proved to be antimicrobial [10,11] . Antifungal activity of fl owers [12] and cytotoxic activity of L. camara has been well documented [13] . Screening of the plant under investigation (L. camara) so far has not been worked out for flavonoids and alkaloids. Mostly the crude extracts have been screened, that too without MIC, MBC/MFC and TA determination. Such studies could only indicate their antimicrobial potential but are not helpful in establishing them as an antibiotic.
In the present study IZ, AI, MIC, MBC/MFC and TA have been evaluated for each extract. For most of the extracts MIC values recorded were very low, indicating strong bioeffi cacy of the plant. It is worth mentioned that the IZ of the extracts against C. albicans found to be more as compared to standard drug.
Lantana camara is considered to be a voracious and poisonous weed, as it spreads rapidly and chocks the native vegetation, spoils animal habitats, biodiversity, leads to shortage of fodder for herbivores, and exerts toxic effects when ingested by livestock [14][15][16] , hence L. camara is regularly eradicated by the villagers. However, present study advocates its uses by pharmaceutical industries for preparing plant based antimicrobials drugs, rather than to throw the eradicated plants as garbage.