Role of Surfactant and pH in Dissolution of Curcumin

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 139 March April 2009 acetone extract of T. chebula against multidrug resistant UTI pathogens. This probably explains the use of these plants by indigenous people against a number of infections since generations. The plants studied here had shown that they are potentially rich in antimicrobial compounds and have also been extensively used by the tribals. The millenarian use of these plants in folk medicine suggests that they represent an economic and safe alternative for treatment of Urinary Tract Infections.

acetone extract of T. chebula against multidrug resistant UTI pathogens.This probably explains the use of these plants by indigenous people against a number of infections since generations.The plants studied here had shown that they are potentially rich in antimicrobial compounds and have also been extensively used by the tribals.The millenarian use of these plants in folk medicine suggests that they represent an economic and safe alternative for treatment of Urinary Tract Infections.
Curcumin is a potent phytoconstituent with wide range of biological activity [1] .Developing dissolution method for poorly soluble drugs has been a consistent challenge for the pharmaceutical scientists.The testing of pharmaceutical dosage forms for in vitro drug release and dissolution characteristics is very important for ensuring batch to batch quality control and to optimize formulations during drug development.Drugs, those are practically insoluble in water (less than 0.01%) need special attention during dissolution testing for proper in vitro-in vivo correlation.Since the dissolution may be a rate limiting step in the in vivo absorption process, there is a need for developing an appropriate dissolution medium [2] .
Approaches usually used in the design of dissolution medium for poor water soluble drugs include increasing the volume of aqueous sink or removing the dissolved drug, solubilization of the drug by co-solvents (up to 40%) or by anionic or non-ionic surfactants (in post micellar concentration) or alteration of pH to enhance the solubility of insoluble drug molecules [3,4] .Among aforementioned approaches, pH modification and surfactant addition are the simplest and can be tailored to resemble GI fluid environment.
In the present investigation aqueous solubility of curcumin in medium containing co-solvents or surfactants was assessed to develop a dissolution system which satisfies sink condition for testing curcumin formulations.The selected dissolution media was used to study the dissolution process of curcumin tablets (300 mg).
Curcumin was a gift sample from M/s Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore.Curcumin tablets were purchased from Shanjivani Phytopharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai.Sodium lauryl sulphate was purchased from S. D. Fine Chemicals, Mumbai.All other materials used were of analytical grade.
The apparent solubility of curcumin in water or in presence of co-solvents or surfactant in water was determined at 37 0 .Curcumin (50 mg) was added to 50 ml of water in an iodine flask and kept in temperature controlled magnetic stirrer maintained at 37 0 for 24 h.After shaking, the flasks were kept in incubator at 37±0.5 0 for equilibration for 12 h.Then the solution was filtered by whatman filter paper and the clear filtrate was assayed spectrophotometrically at 430 nm against blank solution.Form the available literature [5] the adsorption to Filter II (Whatman Filter) was much lower and in most cases negligible.
Dissolution experiments were performed using USP standard dissolution apparatus Type II (M/s Eletrolab, Mumbai) at 37 0 at a paddle speed of 100 rpm.The dissolution medium was 900 ml of either water or a mixer of water and SLS solution, selected on the basis of solubility data obtained from the experiments using 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2% of SLS in water.These mediums were also used to test the dissolution of bulk powder (100 mg, particle >200 µM) of curcumin.10 ML Samples were withdrawn at periodical interval and analyzed spectrophotometrically at 430 nm.The same volume of dissolution medium maintained at 37 0 was added to maintain constant volume and sink condition.
In this study, solubility data was used as the basis for the development of a dissolution medium for curcumin.Since curcumin is poorly soluble in water, solubility determination was carried out using 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2% of SLS in water, phosphate buffer (pH 7.4 and 8) and acetate buffer (pH 4).The apparent solubility of curcumin in different media is given in the (Table 1).
Buffer solutions were prepared according to Indian Pharmacopoeia monographs.Phosphate buffer 7.4 was prepared by dissolving 2.38 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.19 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 8.0 g of sodium chloride in sufficient water to produce 1000 ml.Phosphate buffer pH 8.0 was prepared by mixing 50 ml of 0.2 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate with 46.8 ml of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide and sufficient water to produce 500 ml.Acetate buffer pH 4 was prepared by taking 2.86 ml of glacial acetic acid and 1 ml of 50% w/v solution of sodium hydroxide in 100 ml volumetric flask, water was added to make up the volume and mixed.Apparent solubility of curcumin in various dissolution medium at 37° is given, and the concentration is expressed as micrograms per milliliters.
The results indicated that dissolution rate of curcumin increased with increase in SLS concentration in dissolution medium and maximum dissolution was found in water containing 2% w/v of SLS.Addition of surfactant to the dissolution medium improves the dissolution of pure drug by facilitating the drug release process at the solid/liquid interface and micelle solubilization in the bulk [6] .Factors to consider when evaluating surfactants are cost and concentration needed to improve the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs.The solubility of drug can be enhanced by ensuring that the surfactant concentration is at least above the critical micellar concentration (CMC).The CMC will depend upon the surfactant itself and ionic strength of media.The amount of surfactant needed depends on the CMC and the degree to which the compound partitions into the micelles. [7]It may be the reason for the fact that increase in concentration of SLS above 2% did not exhibit any increase in the amount of curcumin dissolved.The concentration of SLS commonly used in dissolution media ranges from 0.1-3% [8] .The CMC of the SLS was estimated to be 0.03% in the literature [9] .
For most poorly water-soluble drugs, pH of the dissolution medium has less effect on dissolution, but surfactants added to the dissolution medium will increase drug solubility significantly.A colloid system, which contains surfactant micelles, will help maintain a poorly water-soluble drug solubilized in an aqueous medium.The dissolution of the drug can be adjusted by changing the concentration of the surfactant in the medium.Sink conditions can be achieved by using higher concentrations of the surfactant.Up to 3% surfactant media are often used in dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs [10] .However, the human gastrointestinal (GI) track does not have such a high concentration of surfactant, therefore it is not a surprise to find out that the dissolution results obtained from media of high surfactant concentrations have poor correlation with bioavailability.It is easy to understand that a bio-relevant medium will need a similar surface activity as bio-fluids.
Studies on SLS solutions [11] indicated that the surface tension of SLS solutions decreased dramatically above the critical micellar concentration (0.023%) and it reached a minimum surface tension at 0.2% with no significant change at higher concentrations.This suggested that a bio-comparable surface activity can be achieved at low surfactant concentrations (0.2%).
In our lab conditions the low surface tension for the SLS was found to be 0.3%.Therefore the typical range of 0-0.5% SLS used in dissolution media is well above the CMC of SLS.Hence, 0.5% SLS was selected as dissolution medium when compared to lower concentration.
The performance of the selected dissolution medium (900 ml of 0.5% w/v of SLS in water) was confirmed by conducting dissolution experiments of prepared and commercial formulations and the results are shown in (figs. 1 and 2).The release rate of curcumin from commercial formulations was found to be more than 85% within 45 min under test conditions.The results of the present study clearly indicate that 0.5% w/v of SLS in water as dissolution medium is suitable for routine in vitro dissolution testing of curcumin formulations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Natural Remedies Pvt.Ltd, Bangalore Moore and Flanner proposed two new indices (f 1 and f 2 ) to compare dissolution profiles of a test and a reference formulations [1] .The concept of similarity factor (f 2 ) has been endorsed by Food and Drug Administration (FDA); therefore, it is widely adopted in formulation and development and dossier preparation.Earlier, we suggested three different schemes for calculating weight to compute similarity factor [2] .In the present work an additional scheme for calculating weight is proposed and its impact on value of similarity factor is compared with the best approach proposed in our earlier work [2] .The equation of similarity factor proposed by Moore and Flanner is represented in Eqn. 1 [1] , where, f 2 is similarity factor, n is the number of observations, w t is optional weight, R t is average percentage drug dissolved from reference formulation and T t is average percentage drug dissolved from

Fig. 1 :Fig 2 :
Fig. 1: In vitro dissolution profile of commercial curcumin tablets.Comparison of in vitro dissolution profile of commercial curcumin tablets in water and 0.5% SLS