In this study, we have measured PSA, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 in tumour tissue cytosols from 200 women with primary breast cancer, and have examined relationships between IGFs or IGFBPs and PSA along with other markers, including p53 protein, steroid hormone receptors (oestrogen and progesterone), cathepsin-D, epidermal growth factor receptor, Her-2/neu protein, S-phase fraction and DNA ploidy. This evidence concerns the gene CTSD and breast carcinoma.