TNF and metabolic syndrome: This study investigated the effects of BB-derived PP metabolites, ferulic acid (FA), isoferulic acid (IA), vanillic acid (VA), and hippuric acid (HA), on telomere length (TL) in an in vitro MetS model.<h4>Methods</h4>The MetS model was established using THP-1 monocytes exposed to free fatty acids and TNF-α.