ESR1 and interstitial lung disease: Collectively, these findings suggest that sex- and organ-specific activation of the cyclooxygenase-2/cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein/estrogen receptor axis contributes to the inflammatory patterns in Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Our findings suggest that cyclooxygenase-2/cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein/estrogen receptor pathway activation in male lungs may explain their increased tendency toward fibrotic remodeling, whereas enhanced estrogen receptor signaling in female joints may contribute to more severe arthritis.