Recent studies have therefore explored combined screening strategies: Hcy together with platelet parameters helps differentiate the risk of ICP from that of GDM; adding uterine artery (UtA) Doppler ultrasonography improves the diagnostic sensitivity for detecting PE and FGR; integrating glycolipid metabolic markers (Glycosylated Serum Protein, Cystatin-C, apoB/apoA1) provides additional predictive value for adverse outcomes in GDM. Here, CST3 is linked to gestational diabetes.