We also examine Treg-melanocyte interaction networks, Treg-targeted therapies, and the potential of Treg-related biomarkers.<h4>Results</h4>In peripheral blood, vitiligo patients exhibit reduced Treg frequency, impaired suppressive capacity, and Th1-like polarization, alongside dysfunctional subsets such as STAM (signal-transducing adaptor molecule)<sup>+</sup> Treg and exhausted memory Treg. The gene discussed is STAM; the disease is vitiligo.