NFKB1 and renal fibrosis: Moreover, UCG treatment upregulated protein expression of TGR5, GLP-1R, and downregulated NF-κB p65 protein expression in the kidney tissues of CKD rats, indicating that renoprotective effects of UCG are associated with modulation of microbial dysbiosis, regulation of bile acid metabolism and improvement of TGR5, GLP-1R, and NF-κB signaling.<h4>Conclusions</h4>This study is the first to demonstrate that UCG ameliorates CKD and renal fibrosis by reshaping microbial dysbiosis and microbial-derived bile acid metabolism.