TG and thyroid gland carcinoma: This review comprehensively examines the molecular determinants of thyroid cancer progression, with particular emphasis on Thyroid Hormone (TH) signaling, the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways, and the emerging role of microRNAs (miRNAs).