Furthermore, gut-derived factors from CIA animals were associated with increased macrophage expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Overall, RA-related gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic disturbances are linked to impaired periodontal healing, potentially through enhanced inflammatory responses. Here, IL1B is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.