The combined intervention of probiotics and MCC950 yielded the most pronounced effects (all markers further reduced vs. either treatment alone, P < 0.05).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Probiotics alleviate AF-related inflammation and biomarker expression, potentially by modulating the gut microbiota and inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. The gene discussed is NLRP3; the disease is atrial fibrillation.