NFKB1 and ischemic stroke: Results also demonstrated that miR-146a-enriched EVs downregulated IRAK1, TRAF6, and NF-κB signaling in ischemic brain tissue.<h4>Conclusions</h4>These results indicate that miR-146a overexpression in BMSC-EVs can significantly inhibit neuroinflammation and promote functional improvement in ischemic stroke models, supporting its targeted therapeutic potential.