BHB levels in the DT, DS, and DTS groups were significantly lower than in the D group, with the lowest levels observed in the DT and DTS groups (p < 0.05).<h4>Conclusion</h4>Saffron extract combined with resistance training more effectively improves glucose regulation, increases hippocampal DCX expression, and reduces hepatic BHB levels in T2DM rats compared with either intervention alone. Here, DCX is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.