HMOX1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In T1DM induction rats, renal dysfunction was apparent as marked increases in urine output, enzymatic indicators of injury, inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1, nuclear NF-κB), oxidative stress (MDA), and glycation markers (AGEs, sRAGEs), while there were significant decreases in antioxidant defenses (HO-1, SOD, GSH) and nuclear Nrf2 expression.