INS and hyperinsulinism: Vitamin D modulates inflammatory tone and steroidogenic signaling through vitamin D receptor-dependent transcription and immune-metabolic crosstalk; myo-inositol restores insulin signaling via inositolphosphoglycan second-messenger pathways, thereby attenuating hyperinsulinemia-driven androgen excess; and melatonin exerts pleiotropic effects on mitochondrial function, circadian regulation, and redox balance.