TLR9 and neoplasm: This targeted delivery led to potent activation of the TLR9 signaling pathway, evidenced by a robust reporter gene response and secretion of key antiviral cytokines, including type I and III interferons and the chemokine IP-10.<h4>Discussion</h4>These findings highlight the potential of this approach not only for reinvigorating anti-tumor immune responses in BCa but also for broader applications in other PSCA-expressing malignancies.