TLR9 and urinary bladder cancer: <h4>Introduction</h4>Bladder cancer (BCa), particularly non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), remains a significant healthcare challenge due to high recurrence rates and limited non-surgical treatment options.<h4>Methods</h4>Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA)-transduced HEK-BlueTMhTLR9 and PSCA-positive SW780 bladder cancer cells were stimulated with PSCA-targeting NANO:BICs, which were assembled from a scFv(AM1)-KiBAP, NeutrAvidin, and the Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist ODN2006.