TNF and Insulin resistance: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effects of 1500 mg/day curcumin supplementation for 12 months in 114 adults with T2DM, with assessments including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), antioxidant markers (SOD, GPx, TAS), and malondialdehyde (MDA).