DPP4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: We aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus DPP-4 inhibitors or sulfonylureas on kidney outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes already receiving SGLT2 inhibitor treatment.<h4>Methods</h4>In this observational study, we emulated a pragmatic target trial using an active-comparator, new-user cohort design with UK primary care electronic health record data (Clinical Practice Research Datalink, March 31, 2013-March 31, 2023) with linkage to hospital inpatient, deprivation, and mortality data.