HMGB1 and thyroid gland disorder: Outcomes included histopathological thyroid changes, serum levels of TgAb/TPOAb, proinflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, IFN-γ), oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, T-AOC), gene expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1), Th17/Treg-related factors (RORγt, IL-17, FoxP3, IL-10), and immune mediators (TLR2/4, NF-κB, HMGB1).<h4>Results</h4>Compared to the WT + ND group, the AIT + ND group exhibited increased TgAb/TPOAb levels, enhanced thyroid lymphocytic infiltration, elevated proinflammatory cytokines, and aggravated oxidative stress.