EVs also attenuated IL-6 and TGF-β1 induced fibroblast proliferation, confirming their anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects across cell sources and patient risk groups.<h4>Conclusions</h4>This study establishes a patient-specific human cellular model of cardiac fibrosis, a key determinant of postoperative AF, and identifies heart-derived EVs as potent suppressors of inflammasome activation and profibrotic signaling. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is atrial fibrillation.