PARP1 and depressive symptom measurement: Chronic stress, a major risk factor for depression, affects multiple physiological domains including behavior, cardiovascular function, neuroinflammation, and gut-brain axis signaling.<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted a comprehensive multi-system investigation of PARP inhibition effects on stress-induced pathophysiology using the social defeat stress/chronic unpredictable stress (SDS+CUS) rodent model.