TGFB1 and colorectal carcinoma: In addition, altered expression of proteins involved in immunosuppressive signaling was observed in CSC-enriched spheroids, with TGF-β signaling emerging as a prominently activated upstream regulator, potentially contributing to CSC-associated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and immunomodulation.<h4>Conclusion</h4>In summary, this study provides a better understanding of key dysregulated pathways and proteins in CRC CSCs, highlighting potential biomarkers and regulatory programs with relevance to stemness, immune modulation, and therapeutic resistance.