NPPB and congestive heart failure: Several models demonstrated strong discriminatory performance, with reported area under the curve (AUC) or C-index values generally ranging from approximately 0.78 to 0.98, and in some studies, demonstrated improved performance compared with established clinical tools such as natriuretic peptides (e.g., NT-proBNP) and conventional risk scores, including the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) score.