HAND1 and atrial septal defect: The results of EMSA and the analysis of the JASPAR database suggest that these variants may have altered a series of transcription factor binding sites (TFBs), leading to altered HAND1 protein expression as well as the development of ASD.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Thus, the present study provides new insights into the role of the promoter region of HAND1 gene, which could lead to a better understanding of the genetic basis of ASD formation and potential treatments.