PCNA and neoplasm: In xenograft-bearing mice, oral TM-EVLPs (5-20 mg/kg, 15 days) reduced tumor growth, decreased Ki-67 and PCNA staining, increased TUNEL positivity, recapitulated mitochondrial impairment in tumors, and caused no overt histological injury in major organs.<h4>Discussion</h4>TM-EVLPs suppress NSCLC malignant phenotypes in association with constrained mitochondrial bioenergetics and increased oxidative stress, supporting a mitochondria-centered stress-linked working model.