INS and diabetes mellitus: The mechanistic review revealed hypoglycemic effects via multiple pathways, including enhanced glucose uptake, reduced glucose production, increased insulin secretion, and improved insulin resistance.<h4>Discussion</h4>Combined clinical and mechanistic findings demonstrate that <i>Gynostemma pentaphyllum</i> provides effective glycemic control through multi-target pharmacological mechanisms, solidifying its potential as a comprehensive therapeutic approach for diabetes management.