Among these, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is particularly important; exogenous dsRNA typically originates from viral infection, whereas endogenous dsRNA arises from repetitive elements or transcriptional errors, allowing cells to distinguish "self" from "non-self." The RNA-editing enzyme Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) prevents inappropriate innate immune activation by catalyzing adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of endogenous dsRNA. This evidence concerns the gene ADAR and viral infectious disease.