FOXP3 and neoplasm: This retrospective study aimed to determine whether tumor budding is a risk factor for lymph node metastasis (LNM) in stage IB1 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and to explore the relationship between PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and CD8<sup>+</sup> and FOXP3<sup>+</sup> tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within tumor budding regions.<h4>Methods</h4>Tumor budding was retrospectively evaluated in 106 cases of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) (2009) stage IB1 CSCC.