GFAP and Cognitive impairment: It remains unclear whether biomarkers of neuroaxonal injury and astrocytic activation, namely neurofilament light chain (NFL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), are associated with NPS independently of amyloid-<i>β</i> (Aβ) pathology or through downstream structural brain changes.<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted a cross-sectional study of 478 individuals from the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of Science and Technology of China, spanning the cognitive spectrum from cognitively unimpaired (CU) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD dementia, and non-AD dementia.