GDF15 and chronic liver failure: In vitro, IL-1α, GDF-15, and HGF significantly reduced myotube thickness, nuclear fusion index and perturbed metabolism (increased glycolysis, impaired oxidative phosphorylation).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Collectively, these findings suggest that sarcopenia in ESLD is driven by aetiology-specific mechanisms, highlighting the potential for targeted therapies to improve muscle mass and function.