IL2 and neoplasm: Notably, tumor responses to T-cell-directed therapies, including anti-PD1 antibodies, IL-2-anti-IL-2 antibody complexes, and T-cell engagers, varied across these models.<h4>Discussion</h4>Our findings provide novel insights into the properties and limitations of HIS models, offering a critical resource for optimizing next-generation immuno-oncology strategies and guiding the design of future therapeutic interventions.