Conversely, CA-1 levels showed a negative correlation with retinal hemorrhage (<i>r</i> = -0.330, <i>p</i> = 0.016) and did not show significant association with other macular structural parameters.<h4>Conclusion</h4>In DME patients, CA-1 levels were significantly elevated and showed associations with PK, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, VEGF, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and Retinal hemorrhage.