We then explore the complex molecular mechanisms underlying their pro-tumorigenic functions, encompassing immune suppression (inhibition of T-cell activity, modulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells [MDSCs] and tumor-associated macrophages [TAMs]) and non-immune effects (regulation of cancer stem cells [CSCs], DNA damage repair [DDR], androgen receptor [AR] signaling, and tumor dormancy). Here, AR is linked to neoplasm.