No significant difference in OS was observed in all subgroups (all p>0.05).<h4>Conclusion</h4>The combination of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and anti-angiogenic TKIs significantly improved PFS in patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC but did not translate into an OS benefit.<h4>Systematic review registration</h4>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD420251126527. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.