Given that moxa-combustion byproducts (MCB), a key therapeutic component of moxibustion, enhance synaptic plasticity and improve cognition, this study aimed to investigate whether MCB ameliorates cognitive deficits by olfactory-mediated modulation of the GSK-3β/CREB pathway.<h4>Methods</h4>Four-month-old APP/PS1 mice received 12-week MCB interventions. Here, APP is linked to Cognitive impairment.