TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In mucosa previously exposed to high-dose radiation, central metabolic programs such as heme metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis were permanently suppressed, whereas inflammatory and repair pathways were enriched, including angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, DNA repair, cell proliferation, and TNF-α signaling via NF-κB, an important therapeutic target in IBD.