They significantly inhibited NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, suppressed transcription and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, PTGS2), upregulated antioxidant defense genes (NQO1, GCLM, SOD2), and reduced oxidative stress markers (ROS, MDA), thereby highlighting SSP's potential protective effects during influenza-induced pulmonary infection. Here, PTGS2 is linked to influenza.