This study systematically elucidates the mechanism by which low-dose TNF-α regulates lipid metabolism and promotes GBM malignant progression via the TRAF2-FASN axis, providing not only new insights into the "double-edged sword" role of TNF-α in the tumor microenvironment but also a potential novel therapeutic strategy for targeting this pathway in GBM treatment. Here, TNF is linked to glioblastoma.