However, the spatial distribution characteristics and key regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β signaling within HCC tissues remain inadequately elucidated.<h4>Methods</h4>This study integrated spatial transcriptomics (ST), single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and bulk RNA-seq data to systematically characterize the spatial heterogeneity of the TGF-β signaling pathway in HCC. Here, TGFB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.