CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Moreover, LAMC2 positively correlated with immune checkpoint molecules (e.g., PD-L1, CTLA-4), implying its involvement in immune evasion.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The acidic microenvironment upregulates LAMC2 via HIF-1α-mediated transcriptional regulation and lactate accumulation, thereby driving malignant progression in NSCLC.