CD8A and non-small cell lung carcinoma: hallii</i> or butyrate suppressed tumor growth and enhanced CD8<sup>+</sup> tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (<i>p</i> < 0.001).<h4>Conclusion</h4>PNI and its linked gut microbiota‒SCFA axis are clinically prognostic biomarkers and potential immunomodulatory targets for early-stage NSCLC.