TNF and Parkinson disease: Our analyses demonstrated that PD patients exhibit significant metabolic reprogramming, characterized by a shift in energy metabolism from the tricarboxylic acid cycle toward glycolysis, a dysregulated urea cycle, and lipid remodeling, as well as extensive activation of inflammatory and immune responses involving the PI3K-Akt, IL-17, NF-kappaB, MAPK and TNF signaling pathways.