TNF and neoplasm: Moxibustion also increases the spleen index, elevates levels of anti-tumor immune cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, suppresses the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and enhances host immune function.<h4>Systematic review registration</h4>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42024564223.