Finally, through a macrophage-specific ZFP36L1-knockout mouse model, the function of ZFP36L1 in CXCL9:SPP1 polarity and NSCLC progression was validated in vivo.<h4>Results</h4>Hypoxia induced an imbalanced macrophage CXCL9:SPP1 ratio, with more pro-tumour SPP1<sup>+</sup> macrophages and fewer anti-tumour CXCL9<sup>+</sup> macrophages. Here, SPP1 is linked to neoplasm.