INS and Obesity: This review critically examines nutritional and metabolic biomarkers that reflect the physiological dysregulation underlying obesity, including adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin), inflammatory markers (<i>C</i>-reactive protein, interleukin-6, TNF-α), insulin resistance indices (HOMA-IR, fasting insulin, HbA1c), and lipid metabolism indicators (LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and liver enzymes such as ALT and GGT).