CASP3 and colorectal carcinoma: In CaCo-2 CRC cells, the extract induced a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (IC<sub>50</sub>: 13.07 μg/mL at 24 h) through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), upregulation of Nrf2, and induction of apoptosis, as evidenced by elevated p53, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 levels.