TNF and diabetic kidney disease: Mechanistically, MaR1 reversed macrophage polarization imbalance both in vivo and in vitro, promoting a shift from the M1 phenotype (downregulation of iNOS and TNF-α) to the M2 phenotype (upregulation of Arg-1 and IL-10).<h4>Conclusion</h4>MaR1 improves metabolic disturbances and renal injury in DKD by driving macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype and restoring immune homeostasis.